ࡱ> <>;q` R%bjbjqPqP.::  8 4 !f  4L L L '''  w"h$b 9'' L L 000L L 0 00rxTxL uCI ` 0!A%A%xA%x'^0 LU''' v'''!d   R \ y b 'Y f[ N%NNt^UxXxvzueQf[ՋՋ Ջyv~TՋI laNy1,gՋwSqQ6S'YqQ12*N\ nR150R 2,gwS^\ՋwS T{S gT{wS T{HhN_Q(WT{wS N Q(WՋwS NbI~ NGWeHe0laՋwSnm N(WՋwS NmR 3_{(u݄0ў{b~{W[{T{ vQ[GWeHe0 aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa PART I LINGUISTICS (60 points) Section I Define the following terms (20 points) Give the definition of each term in no less than 50 words. 1. frequency effect 2. linguistics 3. morpheme 4. illocutionary act Section II Essay questions (40 points) Answer each of the following questions in no less than 100 words. 1. Illustrate the distinctions between competence and performance. 2. What are the metafunctions of language in the functional grammar? 3. What are the distinctions between diachronic and synchronic studies of language? 4. Give some of the major contributions to modern linguistics made by Saussure. PART II TRANSLATION (60 points) Section I Translate the following passage into Chinese (20 points) A European lately arrived in China, if he is of a receptive and reflective disposition, finds himself confronted with a number of very puzzling questions, for many of which the problems of Western Europe will not have prepared him. Russian problems, it is true, have important affinities with those of China, but they have also important differences; moreover they are decidedly less complex. Chinese problems, even if they affected no one outside China, would be of vast importance, since the Chinese are estimated to constitute about a quarter of the human race. In fact, however, all the world will be vitally affected by the development of Chinese affairs, which may well prove a decisive factor, for good or evil, during the next two centuries. This makes it important, to Europe and America almost as much as to Asia, that there should be an intelligent understanding of the questions raised by China, even if, as yet, definite answers are difficult to give. ----From  The Problem of China by Bertrand Russell Section II Translate the following passage into English (20 points) S/fbregk+s SSSb*N N'YS`vNN0rST`OvSO +stSOߘ`OvupB ُS_6q/fO FO/f_N_ geg1u0b,{N!k`w+seg/f_N1r&OaWvwGr\ 0ў+s 00̑bSN*NNSb{kNSў+s dkTGNY Nx^N` Nk!k(W Nx^N`Suv0Wp w0RS+sv{^b_ r{W0Teg gNegbU"k_YV<*`EeN wSNsY]/fOS+sv S_tderOeP *N*NsY](uNylm(W N __ g͋ 1\SbNS+sNB\vޘSN0-NVN@brr+s _N/f T7hS{^Yz UN_upv\uu `O w +sv0WeX +sv" WD`gdq6gd* WD`gd*  gdk WD`gdk WD`gdk 7$8$H$gdXu WD`gdeG WD`gdkgdkgdmO  ꁁhG%f 0+sr 0 Section III Translate the following passage into English (20 points) SKN^_NNS0NKN^_NNz0SKN:N^0_KNN_0_KNNN0,gN"J""""" #"#N#P#b#d######$㨚̐|r|r|r|jbZjhEZUhq6h.o(hq6ho(hq6hD5o(hq6hD5 hq6hD hq6o(h]/hk5\hq6h9OJQJaJo(hq6h{;OJQJaJo(hq6h{;aJo(hq6hk5\aJhq6hkaJhq6hkOJQJaJo(hq6h* OJQJaJo(hq6hkOJQJaJo(">"#$$$ $$$$$($*$,$B$$$$%hLWD]h^`Lgd&#$+Dgdh]hgdt &`#$gde WD`gd$$$ $ $$$$$$$&$($,$.$:$<$>$@$B$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$˺˧˺xgxxYhh0JCJaJo( h^h0JCJOJQJaJ)jh^h0JCJOJQJUaJhCJaJo(hhCJaJo( ho(%h-0JCJOJQJaJmHnHu hh0JCJOJQJaJ)jhh0JCJOJQJUaJh h0Jjh0JUjhEZUhEZ $%hq6h.o(~&P+p,p-p.p182P4567:p1+ ;!n"n#n$n%Sn J@J XP"cke $1$a$ CJKH_HaJmH nHsH tH0@0 h 1$@&5\$A@$ ؞k=W[SOBiB nfh"% $  mxz!!8@0(  B S  ? nwow pwdqwdrwsw̽tw uwvw<b**~ p//~ 9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplaceB *urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region |q    ()+/01267=?FIJMhu P          c d f i w x { ~  +KLfo{lu  P          i w { ~ 333333333^ d        i w y { ~ "$()       { ~ S?z.,g!'" O<Jx04hh^h`OJPJQJ^Jo(-H\H^H`\OJQJo(hHn\^`\OJQJo(hHu\^`\OJQJo(hHl4\4^4`\OJQJo(hHn \ ^ `\OJQJo(hHu| \| ^| `\OJQJo(hHl \ ^ `\OJQJo(hHn\^`\OJQJo(hHuhh^h`o(. H\H^H`\hH) \^`\hH. \^`\hH. 4\4^4`\hH)  \ ^ `\hH. | \| ^| `\hH.  \ ^ `\hH) \^`\hH.hh^h`o(.  ^ `OJPJQJ^J \^`\hH. \^`\hH. 4\4^4`\hH)  \ ^ `\hH. | \| ^| `\hH.  \ ^ `\hH) \^`\hH.hh^h`o(.  ^ `OJPJQJ^J \^`\hH. \^`\hH. 4\4^4`\hH)  \ ^ `\hH. | \| ^| `\hH.  \ ^ `\hH) \^`\hH.Jx,g! OS?z>        pZ        Z@3        |׌.       @?* Xu1V]/XP"%{&c *1O3q6+9Y<}B$ENkC?eG L^jbt/.EZ9 Nr{;v@`Ie@4} ``@`` UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial;[SOSimSun7&  Verdana;Wingdings 1h5|fK'K'*VY Y !-!),.:;?]}    & 6"0000 0 0 00000 =@\]^([{  0 0 00000;[nn4d 2qHP ?XP"2 R \ y b 'Y f[jiankong Microsoft    Oh+'0 $ D P \ ht| ѧ jiankongNormal Microsoft42Microsoft Office Word@ @&CI@y5@&CIY ՜.+,0 X`lt|     !"#$%&'()*,-./012456789:=Root Entry FpwCI?1Table]%WordDocument.SummaryInformation(+DocumentSummaryInformation83CompObjm  FMicrosoft Office Word ĵ MSWordDocWord.Document.89q